Cost-Related Non-Adherence to Prescribed Medicines: What Are Physicians' Moral Duties?

As the price of pharmaceuticals and biologicals rises so does the number of patients who cannot afford them. In this article, we argue that physicians have a moral duty to help patients access affordable medicines. We offer three grounds to support our argument: (i) the aim of prescribing is to improve health and well-being which can only be realized with secure access to treatment; (ii) there is no morally significant difference between medicines being unavailable and medicines being unaffordable, so the steps physicians are willing to take in the first case should extend to the second; and (iii) as the primary stakeholder with a duty to put the individual patient's interests first, the medical professional has a duty to address cost-barriers to patient care. In articulating this duty, we take account of important epistemic and control conditions that must be met for the attribution of this duty to be justified.

Navigating equity in global access to genome therapy expanding access to potentially transformative therapies and benefiting those in need requires global policy changes.

In December 2023, the US Food and Drug Administration and the UK Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency granted the first regulatory approval for genome therapy for sickle cell disease. This approval brings hope to those suffering from this debilitating genetic disease. However, several barriers may hinder global patient access, including high treatment costs, obtaining informed consent for minors, inadequate public health infrastructure, and insufficient regulatory oversight. These barriers reflect the structural inequalities inherent in global health governance, where patient access often depends on social and institutional arrangements. This article addresses concerns around informed consent, treatment costs, and patient access, and proposes corresponding policy reforms. We argue that these discussions should be framed within a broader global context that considers social and institutional structures, global research priorities, and a commitment to health equity.

Direitos reprodutivos das mulheres submetidas à cesárea em Moçambique: uma revisão integrativa / Drets reproductius de les dones sotmeses a cesària a Moçambic: una revisió integradora / Derechos reproductivos de las mujeres sometidas a cesárea en Mozambique: una revisión integradora / Reproductive rights of women undergoing cesarean section in Mozambique: an integrative review

O presente artigo está voltado às questões referentes aos direitos reprodutivos e ao parto cesárea das mulheres em Moçambique. O objetivo foi analisar as ações/estratégias governamentais e não governamentais que visem a efetivação dos direitos reprodutivos das mulheres submetidas ao parto cesárea em Moçambique, discutindo sobre as fragilidades que configuram a violação desses direitos. Para tanto, foi realizada uma revisão integrativa da literatura nas bases de dados Elsevier, GALE, PubMed, Web of Science e DOAJ a partir da combinação dos descritores cesarean section OR reproductive rights AND Mozambique. Depois de aplicadas as estratégias de inclusão e exclusão, resultaram 13 artigos elegíveis para elaboração do presente estudo. Os resultados apontam para a falta de aplicabilidade das ações governamentais que, apesar de existirem, ainda são ineficazes para que as mulheres de Moçambique tenham seus direitos reprodutivos garantidos e assistidos.(AU)

Aquest article es centra en qüestions relacionades amb els drets reproductius i el part per cesària de les dones a Moçambic. L'objectiu era analitzar les accions/estratègies tant governamentalscom no governamentals que busquen l'efectivitat dels drets reproductius de les dones sotmeses a cesària a Moçambic, discutint les debilitats que constitueixen la violació d'aquests drets. Per fer-ho, es va realitzar una revisió integradora de la literatura a les bases de dades Elsevier, GALE, PubMed, Web of Science i DOAJ a partir de la combinació dels descriptors cesarean section OR reproductive rights AND Mozambique. Després d'aplicar les estratègies d'inclusió i exclusió, es van obtenir 13 articles elegibles per a l'elaboració del present estudi. Els resultats assenyalen la manca d'aplicabilitat de les accions governamentals que, malgrat existir, encara són ineficaços per garantir i atendre els drets reproductius de les dones a Moçambic.(AU)

El presente artículo se centra en cuestiones relacionadas con los derechos reproductivos y el parto por cesárea de las mujeres en Mozambique. El objetivo fue analizar las acciones/estrategias gubernamentales y no gubernamentales que buscan la efectividad de los derechos reproductivos de las mujeres sometidas a cesárea en Mozambique, discutiendo las debilidades que constituyen la violación de estos derechos. Para ello, se realizó una revisión integradora de la literatura en las bases de datos Elsevier, GALE, PubMed, Web of Science y DOAJ a partir de la combinación de los descriptores cesarean section OR reproductive rights AND Mozambique. Después de aplicar las estrategias de inclusión y exclusión, se obtuvieron 13 artículos elegibles para la elaboración del presente estudio. Los resultados señalan la falta de aplicabilidad de las acciones gubernamentales que, a pesar de existir, aún son ineficaces para garantizary atender los derechos reproductivos de las mujeres en Mozambique.(AU)

This article addresses issues related to reproductive rights and cesarean delivery for women in Mozambique. The objective was to analyze governmental and non-governmental actions / strategies aimed at the realization of the reproductive rights of women submitted to cesarean delivery in Mozambique, discussing the weaknesses that constitute the violation of these rights. To this end, an integrative literature review was carried out in the Elsevier, GALE, PubMed, Web of Science and DOAJ databases based on the combination of the descriptors cesarean section OR reproductive rights AND Mozambique. After applying the inclusion and exclusion strategies, 14 articles were eligible for the preparation of this study. The results point to the lack of applicability of government actions that, although they exist, are still ineffective for women in Mozambique to have their reproductive rights fully guaranteed and assisted.(AU)

La débil garantía constitucional del derecho a la protección de la salud en España: una propuesta de reforma / A frágil garantia constitucional do direito à proteção da saúde na Espanha: uma proposta de reforma / The weak constitutional guarantee of the right to health protection in Spain: a reform proposal

Objetivo: discutir el derecho a la protección de la salud en España y su no inclusión en la categoría de derecho fundamental. Metodología: Revisión crítica de documentos normativos españoles e internacionales - Constitución, leyes y tratados internacionales - desde la perspectiva del análisis de la salud como un derecho fundamental. Resultados: La garantía y efectividad del derecho a la salud en España no son satisfactorias, ya que a partir de la regulación legislativa y, a menudo, administrativa del tema, surgen reclamaciones jurídicas bien definidas y exigibles ante los órganos jurisdiccionales, como derechos subjetivos individuales. Esto faculta al legislador introducir retrocesos significativos en la determinación del alcance del derecho a la salud. Conclusión: Se impone una reforma constitucional que signifique la reconfiguración de un derecho y su inclusión en la lista de aquellos considerados fundamentales en la Sección 1ª del Capítulo II del Título I de la Constitución, a fin de dotarlo de un contenido esencial, vinculante para el legislador y para que él mismo sea beneficiario de una garantía jurisdiccional directa y máxima, tanto ordinaria como extraordinaria ante el Tribunal Constitucional.

Objetivo: discutir o direito à proteção da saúde na Espanha e o seu não enquadramento na categoria de direito fundamental. Metodologia: revisão crítica de documentos normativos espanhóis e internacionais ­ Constituição, Leis e tratados internacionais na perspectiva de análise da saúde como um direito fundamental. Resultados: a garantia e efetividade do direito à saúde na Espanha não são satisfatórios visto que a partir da regulamentação legislativa e, muitas vezes, administrativa do tema, surgem reivindicações jurídicas bem definidas e exigíveis perante os órgãos judiciais, como direitos subjetivos individuais. Isso permite ao legislador introduzir retrocessos significativos na determinação do alcance do direito à saúde. Conclusão: Impõe-se uma reforma constitucional que signifique a reconfiguração de um direito e sua inclusão na lista daqueles considerados fundamentais na Seção 1ª do Capítulo II do Título I da Constituição, a fim de dotá-lo de um conteúdo essencial, vinculativo para o legislador e para que ele mesmo seja beneficiário de uma garantia jurisdicional direta e máxima, tanto ordinária quanto extraordinária perante o Tribunal Constitucional.

Objective: to discuss the right to health protection in Spain and its non-inclusion in the category of fundamental rights. Methodology: Critical review of Spanish and international normative documents - Constitution, laws, and international treaties - from the perspective of analyzing health as a fundamental right. Results: The guarantee and effectiveness of the right to health in Spain are not satisfactory, as from the legislative and often administrative regulation of the topic, well-defined and enforceable legal claims arise before judicial bodies, as individual subjective rights. This allows the legislator to introduce significant setbacks in determining the scope of the right to health. Conclusion: A constitutional reform is necessary to reconfigure a right and include it in the list of those considered fundamental in Section 1 of Chapter II of Title I of the Constitution, in order to endow it with an essential content, binding for the legislator, and so that it itself benefits from direct and maximum jurisdictional guarantee, both ordinary and extraordinary, before the Constitutional Court.

Desafios e possibilidades da jurimetria na judicialização em saúde: uma investigação em Minas Gerais do período 2014 a 2020 / Challenges and possibilities of jurimetry in health judicialization: an investigation in Minas Gerais state from 2014 2020 / Desafíos y posibilidades de la jurimetría en la judicialización de la salud: una investigación en Minas Gerais de 2014 a 2020

Objetivo: analisar os processos de saúde, de medicamentos e de medicamentos antineoplásicos em Minas Gerais, em 2014 a 2020, a partir da comparação de diferentes bases de dados. Metodologia: foram utilizadas técnicas de pareamento de bases de dados entre os processos existentes no Tribunal de Justiça do Estado de Minas Gerais e os processos recebidos pela Secretaria Estadual de Saúde de Minas Gerais, descreveram-se as dificuldades encontradas na identificação e quantificação desses processos, e os resultados encontrados foram comparados com informações provenientes de outras fontes. Resultados: nas bases do Tribunal de Justiça de Minas Gerais foram identificados 564.763 processos de saúde. Houve um aumento significativo do número de processos até 2017 e uma estabilização, em patamares altos, a partir de 2017. Ao comparar com os resultados obtidos pelo Instituto Superior de Ensino e Pesquisa e pelo Laboratório de Inovação, Inteligência e Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável, houve uma importante divergência nos números de processos. Tomando como exemplo a judicialização de saúde contra o estado de Minas Gerais, não foi possível encontrar de forma direta todos os processos recebidos pela Secretaria Estadual de Saúde de Minas Gerais nas diversas bases fornecidas pelo Tribunal de Justiça de Minas Gerais, tendo sido necessária uma integração entre as diferentes bases de dados e uma busca adicional para identificar todos os processos. Conclusão: recomendam-se a padronização e organização dos dados dos processos judiciais em saúde, já na entrada de dados, para facilitar a realização de estudos quantitativos sobre a judicialização da saúde.

Objective: to analyze the health, drug, and antineoplastic drug lawsuits in Minas Gerais, in 2014 to 2020, from the comparison of different databases. Methodology: database pairing techniques were used to link lawsuits from the Minas Gerais State Court of Justice with the processes received by the Minas Gerais Health State Department, the difficulties encountered in identifying and quantifying these processes were described, and the results found were compared with information from other sources. Results: in the Minas Gerais State Court of Justice databases, 564,763 health lawsuits were identified in the studied period. There was a significant increase in the number of processes until 2017 and a stabilization, at high levels, from 2017 onwards. In comparison with the results obtained by the Institute of Higher Education and Research and the Laboratory of Innovation, Intelligence and Sustainable Development Goals there was a great divergence in the number of processes found. Conclusion: taking the health judicialization against Minas Gerais state as an example, it was not possible to directly find all the processes received by Minas Gerais Health State Department in the various databases provided by the Minas Gerais State Court of Justice, requiring integration between the different databases and an additional search to identify all processes.

Objetivo: analizar los juicios de salud, drogas y medicamentos antineoplásicos en Minas Gerais, en 2014 a 2020, a partir de la comparación de diferentes bases de datos. Metodología: técnicas de emparejamiento de bases de datos fueron utilizadas para vincular los juicios existentes en el Tribunal de Justicia del Estado de Minas Gerais con los procesos recibidos por la Secretaría de Estado de Salud de Minas Gerais, las dificultades encontradas en la identificación y cuantificación de esos procesos fueron descritas, y los resultados encontrados fueron comparados con informaciones de otras fuentes. Resultados: en las bases del Tribunal de Justicia del Estado de Minas Gerais se identificaron 564.763 procesos de salud. Hubo un aumento significativo en el número de procesos hasta 2017 y una estabilización, en niveles altos, a partir de 2017. Sin embargo, al comparar con los resultados obtenidos por el Instituto Superior de Educación e Investigación y por el Laboratorio de Innovación, Inteligencia y Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible hubo una divergencia importante en el número de procesos. Conclusión: tomando como ejemplo la judicialización de la salud contra el estado de Minas Gerais, no era posible encontrar directamente todos los procesos recibidos por la Secretaría de Estado de Salud de Minas Gerais en las diversas bases de datos proporcionadas por el Tribunal de Justicia del Estado de Minas Gerais, lo que requería una integración entre las diferentes bases de datos y una búsqueda adicional a identificar todos los procesos.

Os reflexos da pandemia do novo coronavírus na judicialização do direito à saúde perante o Supremo Tribunal Federal / The effects of the novel coronavirus pandemic on the judicialization of the right to health before the Federal Supreme Court / Las reflexiones de la pandemia del nuevo coronavirus sobre la judicialización del derecho a la salud ante la Suprema Corte Federal

Objetivo: identificar se a situação pandêmica interferiu na extensão e no modo como as questões referentes ao direito à saúde foram apreciadas pelo Supremo Tribunal Federal. Metodologia: foi realizada pesquisa documental, que, após consulta na base de dados do Supremo Tribunal Federal, com o filtro pelo termo "saúde", retornou um total de 1.178 acórdãos, sendo 447 do período pré-pandêmico e 731 do período pandêmico, os quais foram analisados e classificados conforme a pertinência temática. Após os descartes da etapa de classificação, identificaram-se 70 acórdãos no período pré-pandêmico e 167 acórdãos no pandêmico que versam efetivamente sobre o direito à saúde. Resultados: a pandemia impôs inúmeros desafios ao sistema de saúde, de modo que o Poder Judiciário foi instado a se manifestar ante às controvérsias ora instauradas. Nessas manifestações, identificou-se que houve aumento nas demandas de controle concentrado e no quantitativo absoluto de decisões envolvendo o direito à saúde, bem como que qualitativamente, em geral, o padrão decisório anterior foi mantido, embora novos temas tenham surgido. Conclusão: o estudo concluiu que a tendência da Suprema Corte permanece favorável ao reconhecimento de direitos sanitários, tendo, para tal, argumentos como a não ofensa à separação de poderes e a impossibilidade de arguir a reserva do possível para impedir sua concessão.

Objective: to identify whether the pandemic situation interfered with the extent and way in which issues relating to the right to health were assessed by the Federal Supreme Court. Methodology: documentary research was carried out, which, after consulting the Federal Supreme Court database, with the filter using the term "health", returned a total of 1,178 rulings, 447 from the pre-pandemic period and 731 from the pandemic period, which were analyzed and classified according to thematic relevance. After the classification stage discards, 70 rulings were identified in the pre-pandemic period and 167 rulings in the pandemic that effectively deal with the right to health. Results: the pandemic imposed numerous challenges on the health system, so that the Judiciary was urged to speak out in the face of the now established controversies. In these manifestations, it was identified that there was an increase in demands for concentrated control and in the absolute quantity of decisions involving the right to health, as well as that qualitatively, in general, the previous decision-making pattern was maintained, although new themes have emerged. Conclusion: the study concluded that the Supreme Court's tendency remains in favor of the recognition of health rights, using arguments such as the non-offense of the separation of powers and the impossibility of arguing on the possible reservation to prevent their granting.

Objetivo: identificar si la situación de pandemia interfirió en el alcance y la forma en que las cuestiones relativas al derecho a la salud fueron evaluadas por el Supremo Tribunal Federal. Metodología: se realizó una investigación documental que, consultada la base de datos del Supremo Tribunal Federal, con el filtro del término "salud", arrojó un total de 1.178 sentencias, 447 del período prepandemia y 731 del período pandémico, que fueron analizados y clasificados según relevancia temática. Descartada la etapa de clasificación, se identificaron 70 sentencias en el período prepandemia y 167 sentencias en la pandemia que abordan efectivamente el derecho a la salud. Resultados: la pandemia impuso numerosos desafíos al sistema de salud, por lo que se instó al Poder Judicial a pronunciarse ante las controversias ahora establecidas. En estas manifestaciones se identificó que hubo un aumento en las demandas de control concentrado y en la cantidad absoluta de decisiones que abordan el derecho a la salud, así como que cualitativamente, en general, se mantuvo el patrón de toma de decisiones anterior, aunque han surgido nuevos temas. Conclusión: el estudio concluyó que se mantiene la tendencia de la Corte Suprema a favor del reconocimiento de los derechos a la salud, utilizando argumentos como la no infracción de la separación de poderes y la imposibilidad de argumentar la reserva de lo posible para impedir su otorgamiento.

Exploring men's health in medium and high complexity care in Brazil: A deductive thematic analysis of social determinants.

Background: Men's health is influenced by a complex interplay of social, economic, and cultural determinants. Understanding how these aspects affect the health of adult cisgender men in medium and high-complexity healthcare settings is essential for improving healthcare services and promoting better health outcomes. Objective: This study aimed to analyze the health status of adult cisgender men in medium and high-complexity healthcare settings based on social determinants and conditioners. Methods: This study employed a qualitative design involving 45 adult cisgender men receiving care in medium/high complexity services in Bahia, Brazil. Semi-structured interviews were conducted from July 2019 to February 2020, and data were interpreted based on Dahlgren and Whitehead's Model of Social Determinants of Health using deductive thematic analysis. Results: Proximal determinants included biological aspects, preventive behaviors, lifestyle/social life, and aging processes. Intermediate factors included work conditions, access/utilization of healthcare services/medications, and psychosocial factors. Macro determinants involved income distribution, power dynamics, resource allocation, health inequalities/iniquities, morbidity, culture, political decisions, environmental factors, and structural elements. Conclusion: The health status of men in medium/high complexity care was profoundly influenced by structural social determinants. These determinants impacted healthcare attention, service organization, cultural influences, the reproduction of hegemonic masculinity patterns, lifestyle, social support, and socioeconomic conditions necessary to realize the right to health. Nursing practices should conduct comprehensive assessments that extend beyond physical health indicators.

First Case of Medically Assisted Suicide in Italy Set New Legal Perspectives.

Abstract: The first act of assisted suicide in Italy was recently carried out. This event is an absolute novelty for the country, affected by recent legislative changes aimed only at introducing the right to interrupt health treatments and, therefore, carry out exclusively omissive end-of-life acts. These normative provisions lay their foundations in a cultural context centered on the protection of the right to life and health; however, the cases that have occurred over time, including the famous story of DJ Fabo, have led the Constitutional Court to re-evaluate these dictates, introducing in 2019 the right to resort to assisted suicide procedures within well-defined areas, including incurability of the condition, the serious suffering of the individual and the retained ability to stand trial. The case addressed concerns a quadriplegic subject who was the victim of a road accident. Following consultation with a specialized institution, the subject made the decision to undergo an assisted sui-cide procedure in Italy. Having obtained the authorization from the competent authorities, he started a fundraiser to finance the devices and drugs required and, finally, he died. The opening by Italy towards the assisted suicide procedure represents a great step towards a broad context, as well as a decisive act for the purpose of protecting the right to self-determination of the individual. However, the current legislative framework presents significant criticalities and shortcomings. In first place, the dissonance between the laws in force and the judicial sentences is likely to generate problems of uneven application of the rules in a country dominated by the principle of Civil Law. Furthermore, the need for the applicant to fully self-finance the procedure clearly clashes with the constitutional principle of free access to care. Then emerges the need for a guideline document regarding the completion of the procedure itself, the times, methods and drugs implied, in order to significantly reduce the decision-making process by the ethics committees that still weighs on each individual case. Finally, conside-ring what has been observed on the subject of voluntary termination of pregnancy, it is necessary to ask what will be the general orientation of the doctors called to perform the act and whether they will be given the opportunity to express their refusal. The case analyzed could represent the beginning of a new era for Italian culture, but the large-scale application of assisted suicide procedures requires the introduction of legislative provisions that definitively eliminate the critical issues that have emerged so far.

Evaluating children's rights in the hospital setting of Afghanistan.

PURPOSE: Children's rights must be realized in all children-related settings, such as hospitals. This study aimed to assess children's rights in hospital settings in Afghanistan in 2021. DESIGN AND METHODS: A cross-sectional survey using the World Health Organization questionnaire was conducted. It was distributed among the randomly selected healthcare providers in the studied hospital. One hundred forty-two hospital managers, physicians, and nurses participated in the study. Descriptive and analytical statistics were used to analyze the results in SPSS. RESULTS: In this study, 54.2% of participants were men, 59.9% had a bachelor's degree, and most were 20-30 years old (56.7%). The total score of the hospital in fulfilling children's rights was 1.71 ± 0.46. Among different children's rights, "equality and non-discrimination" received the highest score (2.01 ± 0.59), and the lowest was for "play and learning" (1.1 ± 0.46). There was a meaningful relationship between education level, years of work experience, and the scores given to children's rights. Various dimensions of the rights had significant relationships (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The hospital has taken action to fulfill children's rights. The main gaps include the lack of adolescent-friendly health services, opportunities to play and learn, and child protection. Hospital managers, staff, and the public should be educated on children's rights. Moreover, protocols for improving children's rights and a monitoring system are needed. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: Children's rights should receive special attention in hospitals. Educating children, parents, service providers, health policymakers, and society about children's rights is essential. They should know their responsibilities regarding children.

Dementia-Inclusive Choices for Exercise Toolkit: Impact on the Knowledge, Perspectives, and Practices of Exercise Providers.

Physical activity improves the well-being of persons living with dementia but few exercise programs include them. The Dementia-Inclusive Choices for Exercise (DICE) toolkit aims to improve exercise providers' understanding of dementia and ability to support persons living with dementia in physical activity. We evaluated the co-designed DICE toolkit with exercise providers using a mixed-methods approach comprising pre/post questionnaires and interviews and reflection diaries. Among 16 participants, self-efficacy for exercise delivery to persons living with dementia and both knowledge and attitudes toward dementia significantly improved. Thematic analysis suggested participants (a) had a deeper understanding of the variability of dementia, (b) were planning for equitable access for persons living with dementia, (c) planned to promote social connection through exercise, and (d) were optimistic for future engagement with persons living with dementia. The DICE toolkit may improve exercise providers' knowledge and confidence to plan proactively to support persons living with dementia in programs and services.

Experiences and Suggestions of Nurses Involved in Caring for Migrant Populations in Italy: A Qualitative Study.

The aim of this research is to explore nurses' experiences in caring for migrants, regular and non-regular, within outpatient clinics in Italy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirteen nurses have been interviewed through online semi-structured interviews, conducted with the support of a questionnaire, made by researchers, consisting of open-ended questions on legislative issues, cultural issues, and regarding best practices. Purposive sampling has been used, along with phone and email recruitment. The audio recordings of the interviews were verbatim transcribed, then examined. This study is a qualitative descriptive fundamental research project. RESULTS: Interviewees highlight migrants' difficulties in accessing care, critical points of legislation, transcultural skills crucial to nurses, and good practices. A total of 105 labels were developed and grouped into 23 categories under 7 themes (Italian legislation and migrants; structural difficulties in assistance; the influence of politics; the work of NGOs and associations; nursing care; winning strategies; and the role of the Family and Community Nurse). CONCLUSION: The research highlights how access to care for migrants is hindered by legislative, structural, and cultural barriers, with consequences on the NHS (improper accesses to the emergency room, increased workload, and economic expenditure). For the full realization of the right to health, as enshrined by Art. 32 of the Constitution, changes are needed with respect to regulations and professionals' training.

Precision Medicine for Whom? Public Health Outputs from "Genomics England" and "All of Us" to Make Up for Upstream and Downstream Exclusion.

This paper problematizes the precision medicine approach embraced by the All of Us Research Program (US) and by Genomics England (UK) in terms of benefits distribution, by arguing that current "diversity and inclusion" efforts do not prevent exclusiveness, unless the framing and scope of the projects are revisited in public health terms. Grounded on document analysis and fieldwork interviews, this paper analyzes efforts to address potential patterns of exclusion upstream (from participating in precision medicine research) and downstream (from benefitting from precision medicine outputs). It argues that efforts for inclusion upstream are not corresponded downstream, and this unbalance jeopardizes the equitable capacities of the projects. It concludes that enhanced focus on socio-environmental determinants of health and aligned public health interventions as precision medicine outputs would be to the benefit of all and especially of those who are most at risk of (upstream as well as downstream) exclusion.

Access to assisted human reproduction techniques in Colombia: Disparity between the recognition of reproductive rights and their effective implementation.

Public funding of assisted reproduction technologies (ARTs) is a controversial issue. Some health systems have proposed public funding of ARTs. In recent years, there has been evidence of a change in the line of jurisprudence and legislation in Colombia about this topic. This article analyzes the tension between the recognition of individual sexual and reproductive rights and the common good, in terms of the sustainability of the health system and the reasonable use of limited resources to meet the health needs of the population. This article concludes that, despite regulatory progress, there has been a lack of corresponding progress in their effective implementation and the recognition of reproductive rights.

Healthcare Services for Asylum-Seekers: Untangling the European Social Charter.

Asylum-seekers, like any population, need healthcare services, yet national laws sometimes restrict access to such services. The European Social Charter (revised) protects the right to health and medical services. However, the Charter has a complex application, and its scope is limited concerning foreigners. This article analyses to what extent the provisions of the Charter on the right to health and medical assistance apply to adult asylum-seekers. It shows that the Charter may apply to various degrees to asylum-seekers depending on several circumstances, such as the national definition of residence or regular work, grounds for seeking asylum, citizenship or lack thereof. Depending on these factors, some asylum-seekers may receive full healthcare services, whereas others may have only limited rights. The article shows that the migrant statuses created by national and EU law do not fit in the system of statuses in the Charter, which might produce legal hindrances to accessing health-related rights for asylum-seekers. The article also discusses the possible ways for the European Committee of Social Rights to further expand the scope of the Charter's application.

Sobre ativismos e conhecimentos: a experiência de associações canábicas no Brasil / On activism and knowledge: the experience of cannabis associations in Brazil

Resumo O surgimento de associações civis em prol da cannabis se iniciou na década de 2010. Diante da inércia do Estado, essas organizações têm atuado no acolhimento, apoio, informação, capacitação e facilitação do acesso de pacientes e familiares a medicamento produzido à base de maconha, substância proibida no Brasil. Este estudo visa analisar como o ativismo canábico promovido pelas associações brasileiras se fundamenta em conhecimentos científicos ou adquiridos pela vivência dos associados. A metodologia englobou entrevistas com participantes das associações ACuCa, Ama+me e Apepi e análise de conteúdo dos perfis dessas instituições no Instagram. Verificou-se que o ativismo canábico no Instagram apresenta semelhanças com aquele praticado presencialmente, no entanto, o ativismo nas mídias sociais prioriza a divulgação do conhecimento pela informação e capacitação de seus seguidores, tendo o cuidado de tratar o conteúdo para se adequar às diretrizes da plataforma. Além disso, as principais linhas de atuação do associativismo canábico (acolhimento e distribuição de óleos medicinais) aparecem de forma velada nas publicações, sendo que em sua maioria ocorrem em conversas privadas nos meios de comunicação com as associações.

Abstract The emergence of civil associations in favor of cannabis began in the 2010s. Faced with the inertia of the State, these organizations have acted in the reception, support, information, training, and facilitation of access for patients and their families to the medicine produced from marijuana, a prohibited substance in Brazil. This study aims to analyze how cannabis activism promoted by Brazilian associations is based on scientific knowledge or knowledge acquired through the experience of members. The methodology included interviews with participants from the ACuCa, Ama+me, and Apepi associations, as well as the Content Analysis of the profiles of these institutions on Instagram. It was found that cannabis activism on Instagram is similar to that practiced in person; however, activism on social media prioritizes the dissemination of knowledge through information and training of its followers, being careful to treat the content in order to suit the guidelines of the platform. In addition, the main lines of action of cannabis associations (reception and distribution of medicinal oils) appear in a veiled way in the publications, most of which occur through private conversations in the media with the associations.

Como a judicialização da cirurgia de implante coclear impacta o Sistema Único de Saúde / How the judicialization of cochlear implant surgery impacts the Unified Health System

RESUMO Objetivo Descrever o impacto da judicialização na realização da cirurgia de implante coclear no Sistema Único de Saúde do Brasil, incluindo o serviço público e a saúde suplementar. Métodos Foi realizado um levantamento documental de acórdãos de todos os tribunais nacionais e a jurisprudência dominante, voltados à cirurgia do implante coclear no Sistema Único de Saúde, no período de 2007 a 2019, por meio da Plataforma Jusbrasil, utilizando o termo "implante coclear" para realização da busca. Também foi realizado um levantamento na plataforma DATASUS (Departamento de Informação do Sistema Único de Saúde) sobre quantos procedimentos de implante coclear unilateral e bilateral foram realizados no mesmo período. Resultados De acordo com o DATASUS, no período de 2008 a 2019 foram realizados 8.857 procedimentos de cirurgia de implante coclear pelos entes públicos ou pelas operadoras dos planos de saúde no país. Com relação à judicialização para solicitação da cirurgia do implante coclear, unilateral ou bilateral, foram encontrados 216 processos, representando 2,43% dos casos. Conclusão A judicialização da saúde, quando se considera a cirurgia do implante coclear, tem representado uma parcela mínima dos casos, o que demonstra baixo impacto no orçamento público e não tem expressiva ação na organização do Sistema Único de Saúde.

ABSTRACT Purpose To describe the impact of Judicialization on the performance of Cochlear Implant (CI) surgery in the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS), including the public service and supplementary health. Methods A documentary survey of judgments of all National Courts and the Dominant Jurisprudence focused on CI surgery in the SUS from 2007 to 2019 was carried out through the Jusbrasil Platform using the term "cochlear implant" to carry out the search. A survey was also carried out on the DATASUS platform on how many uni and bilateral CI procedures were performed in the same period. Results According to DATASUS, from 2008 to 2019, 8,857 CI surgery procedures were performed by Public Entities or Health Plan Operators in the country. With regard to Judicialization, for requesting unilateral or bilateral CI surgery, a total of 216 processes were found, representing a total of 2.43% of Judicialization of Cochlear Implant (CI) surgery. Conclusion In view of the data, it is possible to perceive that the Judicialization of Health when we consider the CI surgery has represented a small portion of the cases, which does not demonstrate a large impact on the public budget and does not have an impact on the organization of the SUS.

Subjetividades de médicas y médicos en su encuentro con víctimas de violencia sexual en hospitales universitarios de Medellín, Antioquia, 2021-2022 / Subjectivities of female and male physicians in attending victims of sexual violence in university hospitals in Medellín, Antioquia 2021-2022

Resumen Objetivo: Comprender la expresión de las subjetividades de médicas(os) en su encuentro con víctimas de violencia sexual en urgencias hospitalarias. Metodología: Investigación cualitativa, diseño de caso colectivo, con enfoque etnográfico, con la elaboración de un diario de campo, dos itinerarios institucionales, dos entrevistas a coordinadoras, diez entrevistas en profundidad a médicas(os) y un encuentro reflexivo. Resultados: Se identificaron cuatro momentos en el recorrido de la víctima, y en ellos emergieron expresiones subjetivas que se agruparon en formas de reconocimiento y mecanismos. Se incorporaron el campo médico en el subcampo medicina moderna en sus habitus, sus prácticas clínicas vulneraron a las víctimas de violencia sexual. Por el contrario, si se apartaron de las lógicas que impuso el campo médico, sus prácticas se tradujeron en un cuidado comprensivo. Discusión: El no reconocimiento conduce a la imposibilidad del ejercicio de la ciudadanía de la salud; sus mecanismos parten de procesos de socialización desde sus constructos sociohistóricos que se ven reforzados por el modelo médico hegemónico y el campo médico generando tensión entre las lógicas prácticas de médicas(os) y las necesidades de las víctimas. Sin embargo, se observa una fractura de dicho modelo como una posibilidad de transformación hacia un cuidado comprensivo.

Abstract Objective: To understand how physician's subjectivity is expressed while attending to victims of sexual violence at emergencies. Methodology: Qualitative research, a collective case design with an ethnographic approach, via the elaboration of a field journal, two institutional itineraries, 12 in-depth interviews to leaders and doctors and one workshop. Results: There were four moments identified on victim's itinerary at emergencies services, in each moment emerged subjectivity's expressions, that could be organized on forms of subjectivity and their mechanisms within. If the physicians embodied the modern medicine, a subfield of medicine, into their habitus, their practices tend toward the revictimization of their patients. In the other hand, if doctors do not embody such practices and assume a critical posture about it, they tend toward a comprehensive care. Discussion: The non-recognition of such practices leads to the impossibility of exercising health citizenship, its mechanisms are a result of socialization processes from sociohistorical constructs that are reinforced by hegemonic medical model and the medical field., generating tension between practical logics of physicians and the needs of the victims. However, a fracture of this model is observed as a possibility of transformation toward comprehensive care.

Nannies Go Rogue? A Call for Research into Nanny-Induced Elderly Abuse in China.

Older people often face varied and vicious abuse from care workers. Situations are often more pronounced for older people who live with additional cognitive or physical difficulties, such as dementia and disabilities, the prevalence of which has been on the rise in China and elsewhere. Recent discoveries of elderly abuse in China, which span from alarming levels of verbal, physical, psychological, financial, to sexual abuse, are all caused by nannies or "bao mu". Different from Western countries, the word nanny is often used to refer to people who offer caregiving help in residential settings at large, regardless of the age of the care recipients. What is also different is the lack of regulations or even rigorous training and evaluation processes for nannies in China: almost anyone could become a nanny-even though a background check is often required for nannies, this process is often highly variable and dependent on the specific labour agencies that nannies are registered with. Yet without structured studies and systematic data, little is known about the extent and severity of nanny-induced elderly abuse in China. To this end, this paper aims to discuss the unique elderly care environment-such as the "721 Rule"-in China, particularly in the post-COVID era, and highlight the critical need for timely and rigorous studies on the potential prevalence and severity of nannies' abuse and neglect of older people.

Continuing education for forensic medical analysis of the constitutional appeals in Costa Rica / Formação acadêmica contínua para análise médico forense de recursos de amparo na Costa Rica / Formación académica continua para el análisis médico forense de recursos de amparo en Costa Rica

Introduction: Judicially demanding the right to health involves different elements and can lead to changes in continuing education programs. The current trend is to follow this pathway to access low-frequency and high-cost medications. In addition, the Constitutional Court of Costa Rica requests a technical concept from forensic doctors. Objective: To raise the need for continuous updating in specific theoretical-practical academic knowledge required by forensic doctors to guarantee the right to health services. Reflection: The training of forensic medical doctors is focused on evidence and encourages continuous education. Nevertheless, a commitment is necessary in continuing medical education programs such as literature search strategies, critical assessment of evidence, and academic practices that incorporate particular circumstances comparing them with scientific studies. These programs must take into account prevalent medications and pathologies as well as technical-scientific factors that differ in each service provider. Conclusion: A continuing education program about the interpretation and assessment of scientific evidence for proper decision making on health issues would allow medical doctors to judge existing health problems and choose a medication that is the most beneficial for a patient.

Introducción: La judicialización del derecho a la salud involucra a distintos actores y puede propiciar cambios en programas de educación continua; pues la tendencia actual es recurrir a esta vía para acceder a medicamentos de baja frecuencia y alto costo. Adicionalmente, en Costa Rica la Sala Constitucional solicita el criterio técnico a médicos forenses. Objetivo: Plantear la necesidad de actualización continua en conocimientos académicos teóricos-prácticos específicos que requiere el médico forense para garantizar el derecho a los servicios de salud. Reflexión: El médico forense cuenta con formación basada en evidencias y se incentiva su formación continua, sin embargo, es necesario un compromiso con los programas de educación médica continua: en estrategias de búsqueda de literatura, valoración crítica de la evidencia encontrada y práctica académica que incorpore las circunstancias particulares, comparándolo con los resultados de estudios científicos; tomando en cuenta medicamentos y patologías prevalentes y los factores técnico-científicos de divergencia entre los prestadores de servicios. Conclusión: Un programa de formación continua sobre interpretación y valoración de la evidencia científica para la toma de decisiones en salud, permitiría a estos especialistas responder con mejor criterio si un medicamento es el tratamiento más beneficioso para un paciente debido a sus problemas de salud.

Introdução: A judicialização do direito à saúde envolve diferentes atores e pode promover mudanças nos programas de educação continuada; porque a tendência atual é recorrer a esta via para ter acesso a medicamentos de baixa frequência e alto custo. Além disso, na Costa Rica, o Tribunal Constitucional solicita critérios técnicos aos médicos forenses. Objetivo: Levantar a necessidade de atualização contínua em conhecimentos acadêmicos teórico-práticos específicos que o médico forense necessita para garantir o direito aos serviços de saúde. Reflexão: O médico forense tem formação baseada em evidências e sua formação continuada é incentivada, porém é necessário o compromisso com programas de educação médica continuada: em estratégias de busca bibliográfica, avaliação crítica das evidências encontradas e prática acadêmica que incorpore as circunstâncias particulares , comparando-o com resultados de estudos científicos; levando em consideração medicamentos e patologias prevalentes e fatores técnico-científicos de divergência entre prestadores de serviços. Conclusão: Um programa de formação contínua sobre interpretação e avaliação de evidências científicas para a tomada de decisões em saúde, permitiria a estes especialistas responder com melhores critérios se um medicamento é o tratamento mais benéfico para um paciente devido aos seus problemas de saúde.

La relación entre migración y derecho a la salud desde la perspectiva bioética. Una revisión sistemática de literatura / La relació entre migració i dret a la salut des de la perspectiva bioètica. Una revisió sistemàtica delaliteratura / The relationship between migration and the right to health from a bioethical perspective. A systematic literature review

Uno de los principales debates en bioética gira en torno al acceso a la salud de personas migrantes, sin embargo, es difícil encontrar estudios o artículos que consignen las aportaciones concretas que la bioética ha hecho en esta materia. Por esta razón, esta revisión sistemática tiene como objetivo principal identificar los aportes que la bioética ha realizado a la relación entre migración y el derecho humano de acceso a la salud desde el año 2006. Con base en la metodología PRISMA, se realizó una búsqueda de artículos en los repositorios cerrados de Scielo, PubMed, Elsevier, Redalyc y Dialnet, procurando que estos fueran de revistas indexadas. Se excluyeron aquellos que fueron publicados antes del año 2006. En total, se eligieron 13 artículos que fueron sometidos a una lectura detallada para reportar sus resultados y conclusiones. Los hallazgos fueron agrupados en seis categorías y se identificó como principal aportación de esta disciplina la formulación de principios bioéticos que guían la labor médica y científica y que son nociones básicas para elaborar políticas públicas de acceso a la salud. Se considera que los resultados recabados son relevantes para autoridades, profesionales de la salud, científicos y migrantes, así como para la elaboración de nuevos proyectos que retomen el objetivo de esta investigación con otro enfoque.(AU)

Undels principals debats en bioètica gira entorn de l'accés a la salut de les persones migrants, però és difícil trobar estudis o articles que recullin les contribucions concretes que la bioètica ha fet en aquesta matèria. Per aquesta raó, aquesta revisió sistemàtica té com a objectiu principal identificar les aportacions que la bioètica ha fet a la relació entre migració i el dret humà d'accés a la salut des de l'any 2006. Basant-se en la metodologia PRISMA, es va dur a terme una cerca d'articles als repositoris tancats de Scielo, PubMed, Elsevier, Redalyc i Dialnet, procurant que aquests fossin de revistes indexades. Es van excloure aquells que van ser publicats abans de l'any 2006. En total, es van seleccionar 13 articles que van ser sotmesos a una lecturadetallada per informar els seus resultats i conclusions. Les troballes es van agrupar en sis categories i es va identificar com a principal aportació d'aquesta disciplina la formulació de principis bioètics que guien la tasca mèdica i científica i que sónnocions bàsiques per elaborar polítiques públiques d'accés a la salut. Es considera que els resultats recopilats són rellevants per a les autoritats, professionals de la salut, científics i migrants, així com per a l'elaboració de nous projectes que reprenen l'objectiu d'aquesta investigació amb una altra perspectiva.(AU)

One of the main debates in bioethics revolves around access to health care for migrants; however, it is difficult to find studies or articles that record the concrete contributions that bioethics has made in this area. For this reason, the main objective of this systematic review is to identify the contributions that bioethics has made to the relationshipbetween migration and the human right of access to health since 2006. Based on the PRISMA methodology, a search for articles was carried out in the closed repositories of Scielo, PubMed, Elsevier, Redalyc and Dialnet, ensuring that these were from indexedjournals. Articles published before 2006 were excluded. In total, 13 articles were selected and subjected to a detailed reading in order to report their results and conclusions. The findings were grouped into six categories and the main contribution of this discipline was identified as the formulation of bioethical principles that guide medical and scientific work and are basic notions for developing public policies on access to health. The results obtained are considered relevant for authorities, health professionals, scientists and migrants, as well as for the development of new projects that take up the objective of this research with a different approach.(AU)